Many objects in the sky can be observed with the naked eye on various nights: stars; the Moon; the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn; asteroids; and the occasional comet. The objects in the night sky are observable because of their sizes, distances from Earth, and surface features as well as their positions in our sky relative to the Sun. Patterns emerge as a result of this. Day and night, seasons, phases of the Moon, constellations, and length and direction of shadows are examples of these patterns. The only astronomical objects normally visible during the day are the Sun and the Moon.
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Stars, the Moon, and shooting stars are some of the objects visible in the night sky.
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The only objects visible in the daytime sky are the Sun and the Moon.
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Day and night are a result of Earth’s rotation on its axis. Daylight occurs when the observer’s side of Earth is facing the Sun. Night occurs when the observer’s side of Earth is not facing the Sun. Because Earth is rotating rapidly compared to the speed of its orbit around the Sun, it appears as though the Sun rises in the east and sets or goes down in the west. The exact time of both sunrise and sunset varies throughout the year because of Earth’s orbit around the Sun, but the pattern of rising and setting that creates daytime and nighttime occurs every day or 24-hour period. Because Earth’s rotation axis is tilted with respect to the plane of Earth’s orbit around the Sun (called the ecliptic), the time and location of sunrise and sunset change seasonally and with latitude on Earth. North of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, there are times of the year when the Sun doesn’t rise at all over periods of days, weeks, or months as well as other times when it never sets for days, weeks or months.
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Because Earth rotates completely every 24 hours, the Sun appears to rise and set every morning and evening.
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Seasons result from the tilt of Earth’s axis with respect to the ecliptic and its orbital position as it revolves around the Sun. Earth’s axis is tilted at approximately 23.5 degrees from a line perpendicular to the ecliptic. In addition, Earth revolves around the Sun in an egg-shaped (elliptical) path that takes just over 365.24 days to complete. The varying distance from Earth to the Sun has virtually no effect on the seasons. The tilt of Earth’s rotation axis causes two things to change throughout the year: how long the Sun is visible in the sky each day and how high the Sun gets in the sky each day. These both depend on an observer’s latitude on Earth and where Earth is located in its orbit around the Sun. The Sun is visible the longest and gets the highest in the sky during the summer, when the observer’s side of Earth is tilted toward the Sun, and is visible the shortest time and is lowest in the sky during the winter, when the observer’s side is tilted away from the Sun. Combining Earth’s tilt and its orbit results in the four seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The Northern Hemisphere has the opposite season of that in the Southern Hemisphere during any given orbital position.
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| Spring, summer, fall or autumn, and winter are caused by the tilt of Earth on its axis. |
As the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west, the length and direction of shadows change. In the morning, shadows are long and point toward the west. As the Sun rises, the shadows grow shorter until the Sun is overhead at noon, when shadows are the shortest. In the afternoon, as the Sun begins to set, the shadows grow longer and point to the east until they are the longest at sunset. This pattern continues each day.
The Moon rotates around an axis at the same rate that it and Earth waltz around their common center of mass, called the barycenter. Because the Moon’s rotation and its apparent orbit around Earth are exactly the same length of time, we always see the same side of the Moon. The Moon is illuminated by the Sun. The term moon phases refers to the illuminated portion of the Moon visible from Earth. These phases occur in a pattern and are the result of the positions of the Moon, the Sun, and Earth relative to one another. The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon’s surfaces, and the portion visible from Earth varies from all the illuminated surfaces to none of it. Visibility of 100% is called a full moon, and 0% visibility is referred to as a new moon, occurring when the Moon is closest to a straight line between Earth and the Sun. The phases are new, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent, and back to new moon. Lunar eclipses (when Earth is between the Sun and the Moon) and solar eclipses (when the Moon is between Earth and the Sun) do not happen every month. This is because the Moon’s orbital plane around Earth is not the same as the ecliptic. In order to have an eclipse, the Moon must be crossing the ecliptic when it is in the new moon (solar eclipse) or full moon (lunar eclipse) phases.
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| The phases of the Moon are a direct result of the positions of the Moon, the Sun, and Earth relative to one another. |
A constellation is defined as a specific area in the celestial sphere (the imaginary hollow sphere centered on Earth) with boundaries that meet at right angles, like latitude and longitude on Earth. All the constellations have different shapes. Every object in a constellation is a member of it. The prominent patterns of stars they contain are formally called asterisms; informally, they are called constellations. The International Astronomical Union, the recognized authority in astronomy, has covered the celestial sphere with 88 constellations, including Ursa Major, Ursa Minor (which contains the asterism we call the Big Dipper), Orion, Hercules, and Pegasus. Most stars in a constellation are at different distances from Earth. Stars of a constellation are cataloged by their distance from Earth, their size, and their temperature. Dimmer stars may or may not be the farthest distance away, the coolest, or the smallest. Because Earth rotates, constellations appear to move in the sky from east to west each night in the same way that the Sun does during the day. The closer the constellation is to the polar axes of Earth, the less they appear to move. Because Earth revolves around the Sun, different constellations are behind it at different times of the year, so different constellations are up at night at different times of the year. In addition, different constellations are visible in the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres.
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| Different constellations are visible at different times of the year. |