An ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things and all their interactions in an area. Living things have basic needs that must be met in order for them to survive and thrive. Matter and energy in their environment (such as light, gases, water, and nutrients) provide necessary resources for living things. Resources are taken in by organisms and recycled back into the environment as organisms live, grow, and die. Matter in an organism’s environment is cycled among living and nonliving things. This cycling ensures that an environment’s occupants obtain what they need from the environment while contributing to its health and sustainability.
Every organism needs energy in order to survive. Organisms use energy to carry out functions such as respiration, metabolism, movement, and temperature maintenance. All organisms get resources and energy from their environments and use and store them internally. Producers are organisms capable of acquiring their energy directly from nonorganic resources available in their environment. In turn, they release gas, energy, and other matter into their environments. Producers are typically immobile and may provide protection in the form of shelter to other members of an environment. Producers use the energy from sunlight to perform photosynthesis, a process that converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen, water, and carbohydrates. Note that the amount of water used in the process of photosynthesis is greater than the amount available after photosynthesis is completed. The products of photosynthesis (oxygen and glucose) are used by other producers, by consumers, and by decomposers. Another term for a producer is autotroph.
|
|
|
Examples of producers include plants, algae, and certain bacteria.
|
Consumers cannot produce their own food. Instead, consumers ingest other organisms to obtain the energy and nutrients they need to survive. Consumers take in food, break it down, and release energy for required processes. The three types of consumers are herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Herbivores consume only plants, carnivores consume animals, and omnivores consume both plants and animals. Another name for a consumer is a heterotroph.
|
|
|
Deer are herbivores, crocodiles are carnivores, and humans are omnivores.
|
Within an ecosystem, energy is obtained from external sources and cycled through an energy pyramid. Each level in an energy pyramid is called a trophic level. On the bottom level, plants, algae, and some bacteria get energy from the Sun and perform photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates, oxygen, and energy. At the second level, herbivores obtain energy by eating the organisms of the first level. Consumers that eat herbivores make up the next level. Predators that eat the predators that eat herbivores represent the level above this. Some organisms eat at more than one trophic level. For instance, bears eat both berries and salmon. This places bears at the highest feeding level in the energy pyramid.
|
|
Bears are omnivores, eating both producers and other consumers.
|
As plants and animals die, they leave behind fur, skin, bones, leaves, and stems that are broken down by decomposers. Decomposers operate at the very bottom of the food and energy pyramid, on a sublevel. Decomposers convert leftover animal and plant parts into materials for other living organisms to use. Decomposers, which are mostly fungi and bacteria, convert leftover animal and plant parts into important nutrients, which are returned to the soil for use by succeeding generations of plants. Decomposers consume dead leaves, carcasses, and fecal waste as well, converting waste to nutrients and thereby cleaning the environment to prevent the spread of disease. Because of this, decomposers play a very important role in the ecosystem.
|
|
Decomposers such as these mushrooms help return nutrients to the soil.
|
Energy moves through an ecosystem from the sun to producers, consumers, and decomposers in turn, creating a pool of organic resources. Only about 10% of the energy at each trophic level is available to pass along to the next level of a food pyramid! There is less energy available to support the organisms in each increasing level, so the population numbers of species decrease as you move up the energy pyramid. This is why the energy flow is illustrated in the shape of a pyramid. This also explains why there are fewer organisms as you ascend an energy pyramid. For example, there are many more mice (primary consumers) than there are owls (secondary or tertiary consumers). There is simply not enough energy to support as many owls since energy on each level is “lost” (converted to heat, bodily functions, and waste, among other forms of energy).
Look at the example of an energy pyramid above. Then imagine a different food chain and energy pyramid: grass is eaten by a mouse, which is eaten by a snake, which is eaten by a hawk. The primary-producer level of grass contains 1,000 units of energy; the primary-consumer level of mice contains 100 units of energy; the secondary-consumer level of snakes contains 10 units of energy; the tertiary-consumer level of hawks contains only 1 unit of energy.
|
→ |
|
→ |
|
→ |
|
(1,000 units of energy) |
|
|